↑ Helimski, E (2004). “Die Sprache(n) der Awaren: Die mandschu-tungusische Alternative”. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Manchu-Tungus Studies, Vol. II: 59–72.
↑ Beckwith 2009, tr. 390–391Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFBeckwith2009 (trợ giúp): "... the Avars certainly contained peoples belonging to several different ethnolinguistic groups, so that attempts to identify them with one or another specific eastern people are misguided."
↑ Kyzlasov 1996, tr. 322Lỗi harv: không có mục tiêu: CITEREFKyzlasov1996 (trợ giúp): "The Juan-Juan state was undoubtedly multi-ethnic, but there is no definite evidence as to their language... Some scholars link the Central Asian Juan-Juan with the Avars who came to Europe in the mid-sixth century. According to widespread but unproven and probably unjustified opinion, the Avars spoke a language of the Turkic group."
